经济学的思维方式（影印第12版）

出版前言 1 道格拉斯•C•诺斯序——经济学教材的革命　3 林毅夫中文第12版序——经济学的样貌与灵魂　5 张维迎中文第11版序——为什么没有免费的午餐　6 梁小民中文第11版序——像经济学家一样思考　8 Preface 前 言 10 1 The Economic Way of Thinking 经济学的思维方式　3 Recognizing Order 认识秩序　3 The Importance of Social Cooperation 社会协作的重要性　4 How Does It Happen? 这一切是怎么发生的？　5 An Apparatus of the Mind—the skill of the economist 智力工具——经济学家的技能　6 Cooperation through mutual adjustment 通过相互调整进行合作　9 Rules of the game 游戏规则　10 Property rights as rules of the game 产权作为游戏规则　11 The biases of economic theory: a weakness or a strength? 经济学理论的偏倚：缺点还是优点？　12 Biases or conclusions 偏倚还是结论？　14 No theory means poor theory 没有理论就是糟糕的理论　15 Once over lightly 简短回顾　16 Questions for discussion 问题与讨论　17 2 Efficiency, Exchange, and Comparative Advantage 效率、交换与比较优势 21 Goods and Bads 好品和坏品 22 The Myth of Material Wealth 物质财富的误区 23 Trade Creates Wealth 贸易创造财富 24 Is It Worth It? Efficiency and Values 值不值？效率与价值 25 Recognizing Trade-Offs: Comparing Opportunity Costs of Production 学会权衡：比较生产的机会成本 27 The Gains from Specialization and Exchange 从专业化和交换中获益 29 Why Specialize? 为什么要专业化？ 30 From Individual Trade to International Trade, and Back Again 从人际贸易到国际贸易，再到人际贸易 30 Transaction Costs 交易成本 31 Incentives to Reduce Transaction Costs: Middlemen 降低交易成本的激励：中间人 32 Middlemen Create Information 中间人创造信息 33 Markets as Discovery Processes 市场作为发现过程 34 An Appendix: Economic Growth: Specialization, Exchange, and The Rule of Law 延伸阅读： 经济增长：专业化、交换和法治 35 Once Over Lightly 简短回顾 38 Questions for Discussion 问题与讨论 40 3 Substitutes Everywhere: The Concept of Demand 无处不在的替代：需求的概念 45 On the Notion of “Needs” 关于“需要” 45 Marginal Values 边际价值 47 Everyday Choices Are Marginal Choices 日常选择就是边际选择 48 The Demand Curve 需求曲线 49 The Law of Demand 需求法则 51 Demand and Quantity Demanded 需求和需求量 52 Demand Itself Can Change 需求自身也会变 53 Everything Depends on Everything Else 任何事物都依赖于其他事物　54 Misperceptions Caused by Inflation 通货膨胀导致的错觉　57 Time Is on Our Side 时间站在我们这一边　58 Price Elasticity of Demand 需求的价格弹性　58 Thinking About Elasticity 对弹性的思考　60 Elasticity and Total Receipts 弹性与总收入　61 The Myth of Vertical Demand 垂直需求的误区　62 All Scarce Goods Must Be Rationed Somehow 所有稀缺品都必须以某种方式分配　63 Is Money All That Matters? Money Costs, Other Costs, and Economic Calculation 只有钱重要吗？货币成本、其他成本和经济计算　65 Once Over Lightly 简短回顾　66 Questions for Discussion 问题与讨论　67 4 Cost and Choice: The Concept of Supply 成本和选择：供给的概念 75 Refresher on Opportunity Costs 对机会成本的复习 75 Costs Are Tied to Actions, Not Things 成本和行为而不是事物相关　76 What Do I Do Now? The Irrelevance of “Sunk Costs” 我现在该干什么？“沉没成本”的无关性　77 Producers’ Costs as Opportunity Costs 生产者的成本作为机会成本　78 Marginal Opportunity Costs 边际机会成本　80 Costs and Supply 成本和供给　81 The Supply Curve 供给曲线　83 Supply Itself Can Change 供给自身也会变 85 Marginal and Average Costs 边际成本和平均成本 86 The Cost of a Volunteer Military Force 志愿兵役制度的成本　87 Price Elasticity of Supply 供给的价格弹性　90 Cost as Justification 用成本论证正当性　91 Once Over Lightly 简短回顾　92 Questions for Discussion 问题与讨论　93 5 Supply and Demand: A Process of Coordination 供给与需求：协调的过程 99 The Market Is a Process of Plan Coordination 市场是计划协调的过程 101 The Basic Process 基本过程 102 Competition, Cooperation, and Market Clearing 竞争、合作与市场出清 104 Changing Market Conditions 变动的市场条件 106 Learning from Free-Market Prices 理解自由市场价格 106 Central Planning and the Knowledge Problem 中央计划和知识问题 108 An Appendix: Coordination Problems: Transaction Costs 延伸阅读：协调遇到的问题：交易成本 109 Once Over Lightly 简短回顾 114 Questions for Discussion 问题与讨论 115 6 Unintended Consequences: More Applications of Supply and Demand 无意的后果：供求规律的更多应用 119 Catastrophe and Confusion　自然灾害时供求的迷思 119 Catastrophe and Coordination 自然灾害时供求的协调 120 The Urge to Fix Prices 限价的冲动 122 Competition When Prices Are Fixed 价格固定时的竞争 124 Appropriate and Inappropriate Signals 恰当与不恰当的信号 125 Looking for an Apartment in the City? Read the Obituary! 想在城里找公寓吗？看讣告吧！ 126 Strong Booze, Stronger Drugs: Criminal Incentives 烈酒、烈性毒品：犯罪的激励 128 Skim Milk, Whole Milk, and Gangster Milkmen 脱脂牛奶、全脂牛奶和“牛奶匪帮”　130 Supports and Surpluses 价格下限与生产过剩 130 Supply, Demand, and the Minimum Wage 供给、需求和最低工资 132 Slavery Goes Global, Again 奴隶贸易再次全球化 134 Do Costs Determine Prices? 成本决定价格吗？ 135 The Dropouts Release Their First CD “退出者”发行了他们的第一张唱片 136 “There’s Gold in Them Thar Hills!” So What? “山里有金子！”那又怎么样？ 137 Even Butchers Don’t Have the Guts 甚至连屠户都没这个胆子 137 Why Does It Cost So Much to Change Bedpans? 为什么医院里换个便盆都这么贵？ 138 An Appendix: Framing Economic Questions Correctly 延伸阅读：正确地表述经济问题 139 Once Over Lightly 简短回顾 143 Questions for Discussion 问题与讨论 144 7 Profit and Loss 利润与亏损 153 Wage, Rent, and Interest: Incomes Established in Advance by Contract 工资、租金和利息：用合同事先确定的收入　153 Profit: Income That Can Be Positive or Negative 利润：可正可负的收入　154 Calculating Profit: What Should Be Included in Costs? 计算利润：哪些应该计入成本？　155 Comparing Economic Profit and Accounting Profit 比较经济利润和会计利润　156 Uncertainty: A Necessary Condition for Profit 不确定性：利润的必要条件　158 The Entrepreneur 企业家　159 The Entrepreneur as Residual Claimant 作为剩余索取者的企业家　160 Not-for-Profit Institutions 非营利机构　161 Entrepreneurship and the Market Process 企业家才能与市场过程　161 Mere Luck? 仅仅是运气吗？　163 Profit and Loss as Coordinating Signals: The Role of Monetary Calculation 利润与亏损作为协调的信号：货币计量的作用　164 Beware of Experts 小心专家　166 An Appendix: Profiteering in Futures Markets 延伸阅读： 在期货市场上赚取利润　167 Once Over Lightly 简短回顾　173 Questions for Discussion 问题与讨论　174 8 Price Searching 觅　价 183 The Popular Theory of Price Setting 定价的流行理论 183 Introducing Ed Sike 艾德•赛克登场 184 The Basic Rule for Maximizing Net Revenue 净收益最大化的基本法则 186 The Concept of Marginal Revenue 边际收益的概念 186 Why Marginal Revenue Is Less Than Price 为什么边际收益会低于价格？ 187 Setting Marginal Revenue to Equal Marginal Cost 让边际收益等于边际成本 188 What About Those Empty Seats? 那些空座位呢？ 189 The Price Discriminator’s Dilemma 差别定价者的困境 189 The College as Price Searcher 学校作为觅价者 190 Some Strategies for Price Discrimination 一些差别定价策略 192 Ed Sike Finds a Way 艾德•赛克找到了一个办法 192 Resentment and Rationale 不满情绪与“合理化”辩解 194 Lunch and Dinner Prices 午餐价和晚餐价 194 Cost-Plus-Markup Reconsidered 重新思考成本加成 196 Once Over Lightly 简短回顾　196 Questions for Discussion 问题与讨论　197 9 Competition and Government Policy 竞争与政府政策 205 Competition as a Process 竞争作为一个过程 205 The Pressures of Competition 竞争的压力 207 Controlling Competition 控制竞争 208 Restrictions on Competition 对竞争的限制 210 Competition for the Key Resource: The $600,000 Taxi License 对核心资源的竞争：60万美元的出租车执照 211 Competition and Property Rights 竞争和财产权 211 The Ambivalence of Government Policies 政府政策的矛盾性 212 Selling Below Cost 低于成本销售 212 What Is the Appropriate Cost? 什么是适当的成本？ 213 “Predators” and Competition “掠夺者”和竞争 215 Regulating Prices 价格管制 216 “Antitrust” Policy “反托拉斯”政策 218 Interpretations and Applications 解释和应用 218 Vertical Restraints: Competitive or Anticompetitive 纵向限制：竞争或反竞争 220 The Range of Opinion 观点谱系 221 Toward Evaluation 对于竞争政策的评估 222 Once Over Lightly 简短回顾　223 Questions for Discussion 问题与讨论　223 10 Externalities and Conflicting Rights 外部性与冲突的权利 229 Externalities, Negative and Positive 正外部性和负外部性 229 Perfection Is Unattainable 十全十美无法达到 230 Negotiation 协 商 231 Reducing Externalities Through Adjudication 通过裁定减少外部性 233 The Case of the Complaining Homeowner 抱怨的房主 233 The Importance of Precedents 先例的重要性 234 The Problem of Radical Change 剧烈变化带来的问题 235 Reducing Externalities Through Legislation 通过立法减少外部性 236 Minimizing Costs 把成本降到最低 237 Another Approach: Taxing Emissions 另一种办法：征收排放税 238 Licenses to Pollute? 污染许可证？ 240 Efficiency and Fairness 效率和公平 240 The Bubble Concept 泡泡法 241 Rights and the Social Problem of Pollution 权利和污染带来的社会问题 243 Traffic Congestion as an Externality 交通拥堵作为一种外部性 243 Once Over Lightly 简短回顾　245 Questions for Discussion 问题与讨论　245 11 Markets and Government 市场与政府 255 Private Versus Public? 私人还是公共？ 255 Competition and Individualism 竞争和个人主义 256 Economic Theory and Government Action 经济理论和政府行为 257 The Right to Use Coercion 采取强制的权利 258 Is Government Necessary? 政府是必要的吗？　259 Excluding Nonpayers 排除不付钱的人　260 The Free-Rider Problem 搭便车问题　261 Positive Externalities and Free Riders 正外部性和搭便车　262 Law and Order 法律和秩序　263 National Defense 国 防　263 Roads and Schools 道路和学校　264 Income Redistribution 收入再分配　264 The Regulation of Voluntary Exchange 自愿交易的管制　265 Government and the Public Interest 政府和公共利益　266 Information and Democratic Governments 信息和民主政府　266 The Interests of Elected Officials 民选官员的利益　267 Concentrated Benefits, Dispersed Costs 集中的收益，分散的成本　269 Positive Externalities and Government Policies 正外部性和政府政策　270 How Do People Identify the Public Interest? 人们如何界定公共利益　271 The Prisoners’ Dilemma 囚徒困境　272 The Limits of Political Institutions 政治制度的局限　274 Once Over Lightly 简短回顾　275 Questions for Discussion 问题与讨论　276 12 Measuring the Overall Performance of Economic Systems 衡量经济系统的整体绩效 283 Gross Domestic Product 国内生产总值 284 GDP or GNP? GDP还是GNP？ 285 GDP as Total Income Created in the Domestic Economy GDP作为国内经济创造的总收入 　286 GDP Is Not a Measure of All Purchases in the Economy GDP衡量的并非经济系统中的所有购买 287 GDP as Total Value Added GDP作为总附加价值 288 Is Value Added Always Positive? 附加价值是否总是正的？ 289 Loose Ends: Unsold Inventories and Used Goods 零散问题：未出售的存货和二手货 290 Aggregate Fluctuations 总量波动 291 Unemployment and Nonemployment 失业和未就业 292 Employed, Not Employed, and Unemployed 就业、未就业和失业 293 Labor-Market Decisions 劳动力市场中的决策 294 Unemployment and Recessions 失业和经济衰退 295 Inflation 通货膨胀 296 The Difficulties of Monetary Calculation 货币计量的难题 298 Recession and Inflation Since 1960 1960年以来的经济衰退和通货膨胀 298 What Causes Aggregate Fluctuations? 什么导致总量波动？ 301 An Appendix: Limitations of National Income Accounting 延伸阅读：国民收入核算的局限 303 Once Over Lightly 简短回顾　307 Questions for Discussion 问题与讨论　308 13 The Wealth of Nations: Globalization and Economic Growth 国家的财富：全球化与经济增长 313 Who Is Rich, Who Is Poor? 谁富，谁穷？ 314 The Historical Record 历史记录　314 Sources of Economic Growth 经济增长的源泉　316 Foreign Investment 外国投资　318 Human Capital 人力资本　321 Oil Comes from Our Minds 石油来自我们的头脑　322 Economic Freedom Index 经济自由度指数　323 The Developmental Power of Private Property Rights 私有产权对发展的作用　323 The Asian Record 亚洲记录　324 Outside of Asia 亚洲之外　327 Globalization and Its Discontents 全球化及其不满　329 The Power of Popular Opinion 公众意见的力量　331 The Power of Special Interests 特殊利益的力量　332 The Outsourcing Controversy: Soundbytes vs. Analysis 外包的争论：脱口秀还是分析　332 An Appendix: The Difficulties of International GDP Comparisons 延伸阅读：跨国GDP比较的难点 334 Once Over Lightly 简短回顾　337 Questions for Discussion 问题与讨论　338 14 Money 货 币 341 The Evolution of Money 货币的演化 341 The Myth of Fiat Money 法定货币的故事 342 The Nature of Money Today 当今货币的性质 343 So How Much Money Is Out There? 市面上有多少货币？ 344 The Creation of Money 货币的创造 345 What Can Be Created Can Be Destroyed 任何可以创造出来的东西都可以被灭失 346 Credibility and Confidence 信用和信任 347 Banks Under Regulation: Legal Reserve Requirements 受管制的银行：法定存款准备金制度 　348 The Fed as Monitor and Rule Enforcer 美联储作为监督者和规则实施者 349 The Tools Used by the Fed 美联储的工具 352 The Discount Rate 贴现率 352 Open Market Operations 公开市场操作 353 But Who Is Really in Charge? 但是谁真正做主呢？ 354 An Appendix: What about Gold? 延伸阅读：那么黄金呢？ 355 Once Over Lightly 简短回顾　357 Questions for Discussion 问题与讨论　357 15 Economic Performance and Real-World Politics 经济绩效和真实世界中的政治 363 The Great Depression 经济大萧条　363 What Really Happens in a Recession? 经济衰退期间究竟会发生什么？　365 A Cluster of Errors 错误集群　365 Monetary Mismanagement, Monetary Miscalculation 货币的不良管理和错误计算　367 Monetary Equilibrium 货币均衡　369 When Is Monetary Policy Effective? 货币政策何时有效？　370 The Case for Fiscal Policy 财政政策　371 The Necessity of Good Timing 掌握好时机的必要性　372 The Federal Budget as a Policy Tool 联邦预算作为一种政策工具　374 Time Horizons and Politics 任期和政治　375 Deficits Unlimited 无限度的赤字　376 Why Not Government at All Levels? 为什么不是各级政府都如此？　379 Discretion and Rules 自由裁量和规则　381 Who Is at the Controls? 谁掌权？　383 Once Over Lightly 简短回顾　385 Questions for Discussion 问题与讨论　386 16 Renewal of the Debate: Some Parting Thoughts 辩论的更新：临别的思想赠言 395 The Great Financial Crisis of 2008 . . . and Beyond 2008年及其后的金融大海啸 395 But First: The S&L Crisis of the 1980s 先得回顾20世纪80年代的存贷危机 397 The Subprime Mortgage Crisis: Hurting the Disadvantaged by Helping the Disadvantaged 次贷危机：对弱势群体的帮助反而害了他们 398 Profit, Loss, and Bailout: Can a Government Agency Be a Good Entrepreneur? 利润、亏损和援助：政府机构可以成为一个好企业家吗？ 400 What Economists Know and the Limitations of Economics 经济学家知道什么和经济学的局限　 402 Beyond Mere Economics 超越纯粹的经济学 404 Glossary 重要词汇　407 Index 索 引 415

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