数据可视化

基 础 篇 第1 章 数据可视化简介 ............................................................................2 1.1 可视化释义 ..................................................................................................2 1.2 可视化简史 .......................................................................................................8 1.3 数据可视化详解 ............................................................................................................23 1.3.1 数据科学的发展 .................................................................................................23 1.3.2 数据可视化的意义 .............................................................................................25 1.3.3 数据可视化分类 .................................................................................................29 1.3.4 数据可视化与其他学科领域的关系 .................................................................38 1.4 数据可视化研究挑战 ....................................................................................................43 参考文献 .........................................................................................................44 第2 章 视觉感知与认知 ..........................................................................47 2.1 视觉感知和认知 ............................................................................................................47 2.1.1 视觉感知和认知的定义 .....................................................................................48 2.1.2 视觉感知处理过程 .............................................................................................48 2.1.3 格式塔理论 .........................................................................................................49 2.2 颜色 ...............................................................................................................................54 2.2.1 颜色刺激理论 .....................................................................................................54 2.2.2 色彩空间 .............................................................................................................58 2.3 视觉编码原则 ................................................................................................................62 2.3.1 相对性和绝对性 .................................................................................................63 2.3.2 标记和视觉通道 .................................................................................................64 2.3.3 视觉通道的概念 .................................................................................................66 2.3.4 视觉通道的特性 .................................................................................................72 参考文献 ..........................................................................................................81 第3 章 数据 ............................................................................................84 3.1 数据释义 ..................................................................................................84 3.1.1 数据基础 .............................................................................................................84 3.1.2 数据科学及过程 .................................................................................................87 3.2 数据获取和预处理 ........................................................................................................91 3.2.1 数据获取 .............................................................................................................91 3.2.2 数据预处理 .........................................................................................................92 3.3 数据组织与管理 ............................................................................................................93 3.3.1 数据清洗与精简 .................................................................................................95 3.3.2 数据整合与集成 .................................................................................................97 3.3.3 数据库 .................................................................................................................99 3.3.4 数据仓库 ...........................................................................................................102 3.4 数据分析与挖掘 ..........................................................................................................103 3.4.1 探索式数据分析 ...............................................................................................105 3.4.2 联机分析处理 ...................................................................................................105 3.4.3 数据挖掘 ...........................................................................................................108 3.5 数据工作流 .......................................................................................................... 113 3.6 数据科学的挑战 .................................................................................................. 116 参考文献 ............................................................................................................... 117 第4 章 数据可视化基础 ........................................................................120 4.1 数据可视化基本框架 ..................................................................................................120 4.1.1 数据可视化流程 ...............................................................................................120 4.1.2 数据可视化设计 ...............................................................................................124 4.2 可视化中的数据 ..........................................................................................................127 4.2.1 数据认知 ...........................................................................................................127 4.2.2 数据类型 ...........................................................................................................127 4.3 可视化的基本图表 ......................................................................................................129 4.3.1 原始数据绘图 ...................................................................................................129 4.3.2 简单统计值标绘 ...............................................................................................134 4.3.3 多视图协调关联 ...............................................................................................135 4.4 可视化设计原则 ..........................................................................................................137 4.4.1 数据到可视化的直观映射 ...............................................................................137 4.4.2 视图选择与交互设计 .......................................................................................139 目录 XIII  4.4.3 信息密度——数据的筛选 ...............................................................................140 4.4.4 美学因素 ...........................................................................................................141 4.4.5 动画与过渡 .......................................................................................................143 4.4.6 可视化隐喻 .......................................................................................................147 4.4.7 颜色与透明度 ...................................................................................................148 4.5 可视化理论发展 ..........................................................................................................148 4.5.1 图形符号学 .......................................................................................................149 4.5.2 关系数据的图形表示 .......................................................................................150 4.5.3 图形语法 ...........................................................................................................151 4.5.4 基于数据类型的研究 .......................................................................................152 4.5.5 基于数据状态模型的研究 ...............................................................................153 4.5.6 多维关系数据库可视化分析系统 ...................................................................154 参考文献 .........................................................................................................155 时空数据篇 第5 章 空间标量场可视化 .....................................................................158 5.1 一维标量场可视化 ......................................................................................................158 5.2 二维标量场可视化 ......................................................................................................160 5.2.1 颜色映射 ...........................................................................................................161 5.2.2 等值线提取 .......................................................................................................162 5.2.3 高度图 ...............................................................................................................162 5.3 三维标量场数据可视化 ..............................................................................................163 5.3.1 空间数据表达 ...................................................................................................165 5.3.2 空间数据特征计算 ...........................................................................................169 5.3.3 间接体绘制 .......................................................................................................173 5.3.4 规则三维标量场的直接体可视化 ...................................................................178 5.3.5 不规则体数据的体可视化 ...............................................................................201 参考文献 ..................................................................................................212 第6 章 地理信息可视化 ........................................................................220 6.1 地图投影 .........................................................................................221 6.1.1 墨卡托投影 .......................................................................................................221 6.1.2 亚尔勃斯投影 ...................................................................................................223 6.1.3 方位角投影 .......................................................................................................224 6.2 点数据的可视化 ..........................................................................................................225 6.3 线数据的可视化 ..........................................................................................................230 6.4 区域数据的可视化 ......................................................................................................235 6.4.1 Choropleth 地图 ................................................................................................235 6.4.2 Cartogram ..........................................................................................................237 6.4.3 规则形状地图 ...................................................................................................238 6.4.4 多元关系地图 ...................................................................................................239 6.5 地理信息可视化的应用 ..............................................................................................241 6.5.1 地球与生存环境 ...............................................................................................241 6.5.2 城市与日常生活 ...............................................................................................243 6.5.3 地理时空数据 ...................................................................................................246 6.5.4 复杂地理数据的可视分析 ...............................................................................247 6.6 地理信息可视化的其他挑战 ......................................................................................249 6.6.1 地图标注 ...........................................................................................................249 6.6.2 地图综合 ...........................................................................................................249 6.6.3 在线地图 ...........................................................................................................249 参考文献 ................................................................................................250 第7 章 大规模多变量空间数据场可视化 ...............................................253 7.1 大规模空间标量场数据的实时体可视化 ..................................................................254 7.1.1 大规模空间标量场数据的单机绘制 ...............................................................254 7.1.2 大规模空间标量场数据的并行绘制 ...............................................................254 7.1.3 时变空间标量场数据加速绘制方法 ...............................................................255 7.2 时变异构空间数据场的特征追踪与可视化 ..............................................................256 7.2.1 时变空间标量场数据的特征提取 ...................................................................257 7.2.2 异构数据的特征融合 .......................................................................................257 7.2.3 时变空间标量场数据的特征追踪 ...................................................................258 7.3 空间向量场数据可视化 ..............................................................................................260 7.3.1 图标法 ...............................................................................................................261 7.3.2 几何法 ...............................................................................................................263 7.3.3 纹理法 ...............................................................................................................268 7.3.4 拓扑法 ..............................................................................................................271 7.4 空间张量场数据可视化 ..............................................................................................273 7.4.1 张量场的数学描述 ...........................................................................................274 7.4.2 基于几何的方法 ...............................................................................................277 7.4.3 基于纹理的方法 ...............................................................................................280 7.4.4 基于拓扑的方法 ...............................................................................................283 7.4.5 高阶张量场可视化 ...........................................................................................285 7.5 多变量空间数据场可视化 ..........................................................................................287 7.5.1 多变量空间数据场的数据分析与表达 ...........................................................288 7.5.2 多变量空间数据场的可视化与交互 ...............................................................289 参考文献 ............................................................................................................292 第8 章 时变数据可视化 ........................................................................302 8.1 时间属性的可视化 ......................................................................................................304 8.1.1 线性和周期时间可视化 ...................................................................................304 8.1.2 日历时间可视化 ...............................................................................................307 8.1.3 分支和多角度时间可视化 ...............................................................................309 8.1.4 时间属性的动态可视化 ...................................................................................313 8.2 多变量时变型数据可视化 ..........................................................................................314 8.2.1 基于线表示的可视化 .......................................................................................314 8.2.2 基于图结构的可视化 .......................................................................................317 8.2.3 时间序列数据的可视化交互 ...........................................................................318 8.3 流数据可视化 .................................................................................319 8.3.1 流数据可视化模型 ...........................................................................................320 8.3.2 流数据处理技术 ...............................................................................................321 8.3.3 流数据可视化案例 ...........................................................................................324 8.3.4 并行流计算框架 ...............................................................................................329 参考文献 ..................................................................................................331 非时空数据篇 第9 章 层次和网络数据可视化 ..............................................................336 9.1 层次数据 ...............................................................................................336 9.1.1 层次数据的可视化 ...........................................................................................339 9.1.2 节点- 链接法 ...................................................................................................340 9.1.3 空间填充法 .......................................................................................................346 9.1.4 其他方法 ...........................................................................................................351 9.2 网络数据 .......................................................................................353 9.2.1 网络和图 ...........................................................................................................353 9.2.2 网络数据可视化 ...............................................................................................354 9.2.3 网络数据的地图隐喻可视化 ...........................................................................365 9.2.4 超图及其可视化 ...............................................................................................368 9.2.5 动态网络数据可视化 .......................................................................................371 9.2.6 图可视化的视觉效果 .......................................................................................372 9.2.7 图可视化中的交互 ...........................................................................................378 9.2.8 网络数据可视化的挑战 ...................................................................................380 参考文献 ...................................................................................................381 第10 章 文本和文档可视化 ...................................................................387 10.1 文本可视化释义 ........................................................................................................387 10.1.1 文本信息的层级 .............................................................................................387 10.1.2 文本可视化的研究内容 .................................................................................388 10.1.3 文本可视化流程 .............................................................................................388 10.2 文本信息分析基础 ....................................................................................................390 10.2.1 分词技术和词干提取 .....................................................................................390 10.2.2 向量空间模型 .................................................................................................390 10.2.3 主题抽取 .........................................................................................................392 10.3 文本内容可视化 ........................................................................................................393 10.3.1 基于关键词的文本内容可视化 .....................................................................393 10.3.2 时序性的文本内容可视化 .............................................................................397 10.3.3 文本特征的分布模式可视化 .........................................................................400 10.3.4 情感分析可视化 .............................................................................................403 10.3.5 文档信息检索可视化 .....................................................................................405 10.3.6 软件可视化 .....................................................................................................406 10.4 文本关系可视化 ........................................................................................................408 10.4.1 基于图的文本关系可视化 .............................................................................408 10.4.2 文档集合关系可视化 .....................................................................................409 10.5 文本多层面信息的可视表达 ....................................................................................413 10.6 总结 ....................................................................................................415 参考文献 .................................................................................................415 第11 章 跨媒体数据可视化 ...................................................................418 11.1 图像 ...............................................................................................418 11.1.1 图像网格 .........................................................................................................418 11.1.2 时空采样 .........................................................................................................419 11.1.3 基于相似性的图像集可视化 .........................................................................420 11.1.4 基于海塞图的社交图像可视化 .....................................................................422 11.2 视频 ..................................................................................................422 11.2.1 视频概要可视化 .............................................................................................423 11.2.2 视频立方 .........................................................................................................424 11.2.3 视频可视摘要 .................................................................................................426 11.3 声音与音乐 ................................................................................................................427 11.3.1 声乐波形可视化 .............................................................................................429 11.3.2 声乐结构的可视化 .........................................................................................429 11.4 超媒体 ..........................................................................................432 11.4.1 微博可视化 .....................................................................................................434 11.4.2 社交网络可视化 .............................................................................................441 11.4.3 数字生活可视化 .............................................................................................450 参考文献 ................................................................................................453 第12 章 复杂高维多元数据的可视化 ....................................................456 12.1 高维多元数据 ............................................................................................................457 12.1.1 空间映射法 .....................................................................................................458 12.1.2 图标法 .............................................................................................................467 12.1.3 基于像素图的方法 .........................................................................................469 12.2 非结构化与异构数据的可视化 ................................................................................472 12.2.1 非结构化数据 .................................................................................................472 12.2.2 异构数据 .........................................................................................................474 12.3 大尺度数据的可视化 ................................................................................................477 12.3.1 基于并行的大尺度数据高分辨率可视化 .....................................................477 12.3.2 大尺度数据的分而治之可视化与分析 .........................................................480 12.4 数据不确定性的可视化 ............................................................................................483 12.4.1 不确定性的基本定义 .....................................................................................484 12.4.2 不确定性的来源 .............................................................................................484 12.4.3 不确定性的可视化方法 .................................................................................485 参考文献 ..............................................................................................498 用 户 篇 第13 章 可视化中的交互 ......................................................................504 13.1 交互准则 ............................................................................................505 13.1.1 交互延时 .........................................................................................................505 13.1.2 交互成本 .........................................................................................................507 13.1.3 交互场景变化 .................................................................................................508 13.2 交互分类 ..........................................................................................509 13.2.1 按低阶交互操作分类 .....................................................................................509 13.2.2 按交互操作符与空间分类 .............................................................................510 13.2.3 按交互任务分类 .............................................................................................510 13.3 交互技术 .................................................................................................. 511 13.3.1 选择 ................................................................................................................. 511 13.3.2 导航 .................................................................................................................512 13.3.3 重配 .................................................................................................................514 13.3.4 编码 .................................................................................................................515 13.3.5 抽象/ 具象 ......................................................................................................515 13.3.6 过滤 .................................................................................................................516 13.3.7 关联 .................................................................................................................519 13.3.8 概览+ 细节 ....................................................................................................520 13.3.9 焦点+ 上下文 ................................................................................................522 13.4 交互与硬件设备 ........................................................................................................532 13.4.1 交互环境 .........................................................................................................532 13.4.2 交互设备 .........................................................................................................534 参考文献 ..................................................................................................537 第14 章 可视化评测 ..............................................................................543 14.1 评测流程 ........................................................................................544 14.2 影响评测效度的因素 ................................................................................................545 14.2.1 参与用户 .........................................................................................................545 14.2.2 测试任务 .........................................................................................................546 14.2.3 数据类型 .........................................................................................................547 14.2.4 评测指标 .........................................................................................................549 14.3 评测方法 ............................................................................................550 14.4 评测实例分析 ............................................................................................................551 14.5 总结 .............................................................................................558 参考文献 .......................................................................................................558 第15 章 面向领域的数据可视化 ............................................................560 15.1 高性能科学计算 ........................................................................................................560 15.1.1 高性能科学可视化的挑战 .............................................................................561 15.1.2 重要信息的提取和显示 .................................................................................564 15.1.3 原位可视化 .....................................................................................................566 15.1.4 未来挑战 .........................................................................................................568 15.2 生命科学 .........................................................................................569 15.2.1 临床医学影像 .................................................................................................569 15.2.2 其他影像 .........................................................................................................574 15.2.3 电生理信号 .....................................................................................................576 15.2.4 OMICS 组学 ...................................................................................................580 15.3 其他科学与艺术 ........................................................................................................584 15.3.1 气候学与气象中的可视化 .............................................................................584 15.3.2 面向艺术的表意性可视化 .............................................................................587 15.4 网络与系统安全的可视化 ........................................................................................591 15.4.1 基于可视变换的虫洞攻击可视化 .................................................................591 15.4.2 可信计算的可视化 .........................................................................................592 15.4.3 安全日志数据的可视化 .................................................................................593 15.5 商业智能可视化 ........................................................................................................593 15.5.1 商业智能 .........................................................................................................593 15.5.2 商业智能中的数据可视化 .............................................................................594 15.5.3 未来趋势 .........................................................................................................599 15.6 金融数据可视化 ........................................................................................................599 15.6.1 金融可视化图表元素 .....................................................................................599 15.6.2 金融数据可视分析 .........................................................................................602 参考文献 ..................................................................................................605 第16 章 可视化研究与开发资源 ............................................................ 611 16.1 可视化软件 ................................................................................................... 611 16.1.1 医学可视化软件 ............................................................................................. 611 16.1.2 科学可视化软件 .............................................................................................614 16.1.3 信息可视化软件 .............................................................................................617 16.1.4 可视分析软件 .................................................................................................622 16.2 可视化开发工具 ........................................................................................................623 16.2.1 应用程序开发工具 .........................................................................................623 16.2.2 Web 应用开发工具.........................................................................................626 16.3 数据分析和数据挖掘软件与开发工具 ....................................................................627 16.4 可视化数据集资源 ....................................................................................................629 16.5 可视化信息资源 ........................................................................................................630 16.6 可视化研究机构 ........................................................................................................631 16.6.1 大陆可视化科研机构 .....................................................................................631 16.6.2 海外可视化科研机构 .....................................................................................632

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