In 1968, at the height of the Cultural Revolution, the Chinese Communist Party endorsed a radical new system of healthcare delivery for the rural masses. Soon every village had at least one barefoot doctor to provide basic medical care, which integrated the villages into a regional network of healthcare services for the very first time. The barefoot doctors were portrayed nationally and internationally as revolutionary heroes, wading undaunted through rice-paddies to bring effective, low-cost care to poor peasants. This book is the first comprehensive study to reach beyond the nostalgic view of barefoot doctors that dominates present scholarship on public health in China. Author Xiaoping Fang provides evidence drawn from local archives during the Cultural Revolution and personal interviews with patients and doctors, contextualizing it within the broader history of medicine in revolutionary and post-reform China. His data demonstrates that the key impact of the barefoot doctor program was its introduction of modern Western medicine into villages that were hitherto dominated by traditional Chinese medicine. Although traditional methods were marginalized by the innovations and improved outcomes Western medicine brought, Chinese medicine continued to exist as an alternative approach. This book ultimately offers a powerful and carefully contextualized critique of conventional views on the role of barefoot doctors, their legacy, and their impact, both in rural areas and in China as a whole, while making theoretical contributions to the Chinese social historiography of medicine.