China’s Communist Party seized power in 1949 after a long period of guerrilla insurgency followed by full-scale war, but the Chinese revolution was just beginning. China Under Mao narrates the rise and fall of the Maoist revolutionary state from 1949 to 1976—an epoch of startling accomplishments and disastrous failures, steered by many forces but dominated above all by Mao Zedong. Mao’s China, Andrew Walder argues, was defined by two distinctive institutions established during the first decade of Communist Party rule: a Party apparatus that exercised firm (sometimes harsh) discipline over its members and cadres; and a socialist economy modeled after the Soviet Union. Although a large national bureaucracy had oversight of this authoritarian system, Mao intervened strongly at every turn. The doctrines and political organization that produced Mao’s greatest achievements—victory in the civil war, the creation of China’s first unified modern state, a historic transformation of urban and rural life—also generated his worst failures: the industrial depression and rural famine of the Great Leap Forward and the violent destruction and stagnation of the Cultural Revolution. Misdiagnosing China’s problems as capitalist restoration and prescribing continuing class struggle against imaginary enemies as the solution, Mao ruined much of what he had built and created no viable alternative. At the time of his death, he left China backward and deeply divided.

文革結束後，中共怎樣清理毛澤東的政治遺產，重新闡釋自己的意識形態，為撥亂反正和改革開放找到正當性？人們的思想如何不斷獲得解放？數以千萬計的冤假錯案如何得以平反？如何促成華國鋒下台，確立鄧、胡、趙新體制？經濟改革和對外開放是怎樣起步的？改革為甚麼在農村率先取得突破？黨內黨外何以會出現民主化思潮？中共提出政治改革又何以迅速地退縮？對於歷史大轉軌中頻繁出現的各種意識形態爭論和衝突，作者都盡可能依據第一手資料作出詳盡敘述。